Article Types of Paragraphs And Paragraph Writing

ARTICLE

Types of Paragraphs And Paragraph Writing

To complete our work about lesson Academic Writing

Lecturer : Mohamad Nor Shodiq, M.Pd

Created By :

Ana Lailatul Hilmia (NIM: 16112210001)

St. Shofia Munawaroh (NIM: 16112210021)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

DARUSSALAM ISLAMIC INSTITUTION

 BLOKAGUNG TEGALSARI BANYUWANGI

2018

FOREWORD

                                                                                                                                                                 First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing the paper entitled Lenghtening of Phonetic and Phonology right in the calculated time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr.Mohamad Nor Shodiq, M.Pd as lecturer in English for Specific Purposes.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. Writer also realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all.the writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content.  then the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about Academic Writing.

                                                           Blokagung, 27^th of September 2018

Writers

  

Table of Contens

Cover...................................................................................................................... i

Forward................................................................................................................. ii

Table of Contents................................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.  Introduction.................................................................................................. 1

B.  Problem Identification.................................................................................. 1

C.  Purpose.......................................................................................................... 1

D.  Benefit........................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II CONTENTS

A.  What is paragraph?........................................................................................ 2

B.  What are types of paragraph?........................................................................ 2

C.  What is paragraph writing?........................................................................... 5

CHAPTER III  CLOSING

A.  Conclusion..................................................................................................... 6

B.  Tips................................................................................................................ 6

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Introduction

Academic writing is clear, concise, focussed, structured, and backed up by evidence. Its purpose is to aid the reader’s understanding. It has a formal tone and style, but it is not complex and does not require the use of long sentences and complicted vocabularies.

Paragraph is a unit of information in writing which is unified by a central idea. A paragraph is considered good only if the readers completely understand the unit of information it contains and if its central idea is completely developed. So, a paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one main idea.  the paragraph can be used to describe or explain an endless variety of things. It’s important to know how to use each paragraph type for the right purpose, though. Narrative paragraphs tell about a scene or event, descriptive paragraphs give vivid descriptions of one subject, expository paragraphs provide information, and persuasive paragraphs try to convince the reader. These four paragraph types are powerful tools for writers and will explain here.

B. Problem Identification

1.      What is paragraph?

2.      What are types of paragraph?

3.      What is paragraph writing?

C. Purpose

1.    Explain about What is paragraph.

2.    Explain about What are types of paragraph.

3.    Explain about What is paragraph writing.

D. Benefit

            We can understanding about Types of Paragraphs and Paragraph Writing lesson exactly about Academic Writing.

CHAPTER II

CONTENTS

A.      Definition Of Paragraph

     A paragraph is a collection of related sentences about certain topic. It has a main topic or idea that is the most important thing of the paragraph, the sentences support that idea. A good paragraph is strategically organized to maintain flow.

B.        Types Of Paragraph

There are four types of paragraph.

1.    The descriptive paragraph

descriptive paragraph  is Describes something, a thing or a person. The reader is able to image the scene. The main objective of a description is to move the story ahead. These paragraphs have four main aims. First of all, they naturally describe something or somebody, that is conveying the information. Secondly, such paragraphs create powerful images in the reader's mind. Thirdly, they appeal to the primary senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell, to get the maximum emotional response from the reader. And finally, they increase the dynamics of the text. Some grammar rules may be skipped in descriptive paragraphs, but only for the sake of imagery.

Sample descriptive paragraph fiction:

It was a tiny, grubby-looking pub. If Hagrid hadn’t pointed it out, Harry wouldn’t have noticed it was there. The people hurrying by didn’t glance at it. Their eyes slid from the big book shop on one side to the record shop on the other as if they couldn’t see the Leaky Cauldron at all. In fact, Harry had the most peculiar feeling that only he and Hagrid could see it. Before he could mention this, Hagrid had steered him inside. For a famous place, it was dark and shabby. A few old women were sitting in a corner, drinking tiny glasses of sherry. One of them was smoking a long pipe. A little man in a top hat was talking to the old bartender, who was quite bald and looked like a toothless walnut. The low buzz of chatter stopped when they walked in. —from Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, by J. K. Rowling (Scholastic, 1999)

2.    The narrative paragraph

The narration is about a serie of events, and it has an organized, logical sequence: Beginning ,Middle,End.  In the narrative is important to write where did the events happen, when, how, and the characters.

These paragraphs remind a story within the story. The structure of a narrative paragraph, including the start, the middle, and the end, reminds that of any whole piece of writing, such as a short story or an essay.

Sample narrative paragraph - fiction None of it came up until my early thirties, when I got involved with a woman. Her name was Jeanne. We had been classmates at Cornell, both pre-med, both of us seeing someone else. Years afterward I was working for a drug company in N— that was coming under fire for manufacturing an anti-depressant that had bad side effects. We were trying to gather some support for the drug from the medical community, and I met Jeanne again at a conference. She had become a shrink. Excuse me, a psychiatrist. And yes, she had done a lot of research on posttraumatic psychosis and even had a healthy share of Holocaust survivors and incest victims and Vietnam veterans among her clients. —from Pink Slip, by Rita Ciresi (Delta Publishing, 1999)

3.    The expository paragraph

Explains something or provides instruction. Credibility should be added. Could be a justifier that explains why something is important. Often requires research. It is not an easy task to write an expository paragraph, especially if you are an amateur in the subject. These paragraphs explain how something works or what the reader is to do to make it work. Such paragraphs demand a certain knowledge. Nevertheless, writing them is a great exercise to understand the material, because you keep learning when you teach.

Sample expository paragraph fiction:

Many of the Jews of Iberian origin had long ago been robbed of the knowledge of their rituals, forced, during the time of the Inquisition, to convert to the Catholic faith. These so-called New Christians were sometimes sincere in their conversions, while others had continued to practice their religion in secret, but after a generation or two they often forgot why they secretly observed these now-obscure rituals. When these secret Jews fled Iberia for the Dutch states, as they began to do in the sixteenth century, many sought to regain Jewish knowledge. My father’s grandfather had been such a man, and he schooled himself in the Jewish traditions—even studying with the great Rabbi Manasseh ben Israel—and he raised his children to honor the Jewish traditions. —from A Conspiracy of Paper, by David Liss (Random House, 2000)

4.    The persuasive paragraph

In this type of paragraph the writer tries to convince the reader about something, to get him/her to accept a point of view or to understand the writer’s position. It is useful to build an argument. It is necessary to have facts and research.

It is the easiest paragraph to understand, but arguably the hardest one to write. Evidently, the essay writer is to persuade the readers to follow his or her ideas. Writing persuasive paragraphs is one of the most popular assignments since junior high school, as it helps students to argue their point and give reasons for proving it.

Sample persuasive paragraph:

Homework is an important part of the learning process in middle school. One reason is that homework gives students additional practice of skills covered in class. Middle school classes are too short to teach a new concept and practice it sufficiently for students to master. Students need both guided practice in class and independent practice at home. Another reason for homework is that it provides time to complete longer assignments. For example, the ideal composition process allows time for students to think and to reflect on their ideas, as well as time to revise and to proofread their writing. Also, reports and special projects often require research that can not always be done at school. In addition, since all students do not work at the same speed, giving students time at home to finish work keeps them from falling behind. Finally, the most important reason for homework is that it ensures review. New material and old material are practiced in daily assignments. Students who do their homework daily are prepared for tests and make better grades. In conclusion, not only is homework essential to mastering new skills and maintaining previously learned skills, but it also guarantees constant review and provides time for longer assignments, as well as additional time for students who need it. Students, do your daily homework, make better grades, and learn more!

C.  Paragraph Writing

A basic paragraph structure usually consists of five sentences: the topic sentence, three supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. But the secrets to paragraph writing lay in four essential elements, which when used correctly, can make a okay paragraph into a great paragraph.

1.    Element #1: Unity. Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one single, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first sentence of the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with the supporting sentences providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good topic sentence, think about your theme and all the points you want to make. Decide which point drives the rest, and then write it as your topic sentence.

2.    Element #2: Order. Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you choose chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of detail, a solid paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered paragraph, the reader follows along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established. Order helps the reader grasp your meaning and avoid confusion.

3.    Element #3: Coherence. Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the best ways to achieve coherency is to use transition words. These words create bridges from one sentence to the next. You can use transition words that show order (first, second, third); spatial relationships (above, below) or logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact). Also, in writing a paragraph, using a consistent verb tense and point of view are important ingredients for coherency.

4.    Element #4: Completeness. Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis, then the paragraph is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. The concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main idea by reinforcing your topic sentence.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

There are four types of paragraphs that you need to know about: descriptive, narrative, expository, and persuasive. A quick search around the internet will yield other types, but to keep this simple, it's a good idea to consider just these four. Narrative paragraphs tell about a scene or event, descriptive paragraphs give vivid descriptions of one subject, expository paragraphs provide information, and persuasive paragraphs try to convince the reader.

B.  Tips

As college student we shall more energetic studying and add our knowledge. Never tired for learned.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dudley-Evans & St John. Types of paragraph, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

D.      Richards, Jack. Paragraph Writing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

http://makalahlaporanterbaru1.blogspot.co.id/2011/11/reported-speech.html

Diakses pada 13.45 WIB  hari Kamis, 27 September 2018